![]() ![]() To improve your privacy odds, look for a VPN headquartered outside of the reach of a country with data retention laws and international intelligence sharing agreements, which supports Perfect Forward Secrecy and obfuscation, touts a RAM-only server network, and avoids or limits the use of virtual servers. Even then, the risk you take still includes a potentially unknown company ownership structure. If you're using VPNs because the stakes of your searches are life and death, then not only do you want to scrupulously check your VPN's privacy policy to see if it openly admits to any of these logs, but you want to be sure you select a VPN proven to never keep logs (in other words, one that survived a server seizure unscathed or has an impressively thorough audit record). Using Tor with a VPN simultaneously can also ultimately undermine both types of privacy if you haven't properly configured the two to work together.Īlso be wary of home-based proxy servers as a cure-all if you are in a country with anti-VPN and anti-encryption policies without proper obfuscation technology, your traffic will look like two kids inside a trench coat trying to sneak into an R-rated movie. So any internet-connected background programs or apps - whether seemingly secure messaging apps, torrenting apps, or even unseen micro-apps that help a larger piece of software function - which are operating outside of the Tor browser could be leaving a trail of your private data. You may also consider using private browsing tool Tor instead of a VPN, but be warned: Tor is browser-based and therefore does not by default encrypt all of the internet connections your computer is making at any given moment. In most cases, the skillful choice and operation of a VPN is the best way to improve your privacy odds and can make you much harder to catch, but no VPN (or any software) can truly make you disappear. Do not allow any company to fool you into believing that you are operating completely anonymously on the internet. If you take away just one thing from this article, let it be this: Total anonymity on the internet does not exist. The lie that helps law enforcement in the US catch abusers is the same lie that helps law enforcement in China arrest a person for using a VPN at all. It's with a VPN company lying to its customers about its underlying policies. To be clear here, my beef isn't with a VPN company helping cops catch a child abuser or stalker via usage logs, assuming the requisite warrants or subpoenas are proffered. Read more: How to identify a good VPN: 3 features to look out for No such thing as online anonymity In other words: Both "no log" VPNs appeared to be providing logs to authorities. A similar incident the following year revealed PureVPN had cooperated with the FBI to track a stalker using its service. IPVanish provided authorities information that led to the identification and arrest of a child predator. In the case of IPVanish, federal law enforcement came knocking with a warrant (or, more precisely, a Department of Homeland Security records summons), and the VPN's "zero-logs" policy was put to the test. The same trial by fire happened to IPVanish and PureVPN in 20, respectively - but with decidedly different results. Authorities came up empty-handed, which bolstered ExpressVPN's no-logs reputation. That's exactly what happened to ExpressVPN in 2017, when an investigation into the 2016 assassination of Russia's ambassador to Turkey, Andrei Korlov, led Turkish authorities to seize one of ExpressVPN's servers looking for logs of conversation allegedly related to the crime. ![]() One of the clearest ways a VPN provider can prove it keeps no usage logs is to have its servers seized by authorities. ![]() To make matters worse, six more VPNs - all of which were apparently sharing a common "white label" infrastructure with UFO - were also reportedly logging data, according to The Register. A database of usage logs - including account credentials and potentially user-identifying information - was exposed. That's exactly what happened earlier this month, when Hong Kong-based VPN provider UFO VPN was found by Comparitech to be keeping detailed information on its users. Read more: Red flags to watch out for when choosing a VPN 7 free 'no-log' Hong Kong VPNs that were keeping logs So finding out that your VPN is logging the same info on you is just substituting one bad actor for another. Suffice it to say, that's the sort of information being logged by ISPs and advertisers that drives many users to subscribe to a VPN in the first place. Your physical location, if your IP address is being logged.A list of which apps and services are on your device (if the VPN funnels web traffic for all the connected apps on your device).The content of any messages you've sent or received if not encrypted.A list of all the websites that you've visited.Some of the things that can be discovered about you via your usage logs could include: ![]()
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![]() ![]() The genie advanced is portable, so easy to connect to different flanges and bottles, it's quiet, love the program button, lots of options for speed and suction, and the clip + landyard are something soooo simple that every pump should have yet none others do! Will be starting work next week, and as a school speech-language pathologist who will be running around everywhere all day, I have such peace of mind knowing I have this pump to help me continue to give my little guy breastmilk.J&B Medical is a Medicare and Medicaid participating supplier in most states. J&B Medical also contracts with many commercial insurance plans across the country. My biggest regret is not having known about this pump from the start, I really wish more people knew about pumpables!!! I wasted way too much money on other pumps and flanges (not covered by insurance in Canada :( ), and they were so overpriced, painful, discouraging, and I even have one sitting collecting dust because the power adaptor died days after the warranty for it expired (yes medela pump in style with maxflow, I'm talking about you), Not only were pumpables the first ones to recommend correctly fitting flanges (after being told 4 wrong sizes from different lactation consultants and spending so much money), but the genie advanced and liquid shields are the only way I've ever been able to pump 5 ounces (which for me was always in the realm of impossible). More people need to know about this pump! Throughout the day, my Spectra would normally pump on average around 3-3.5 oz, but I get 4-6 oz with the Genie Advanced! It is unreal the difference! I wish I’d know about Pumpables before purchasing my Spectra… I really would like to try the SuperGenie and use the different programs you can load to the pump. I was skeptical because I didn’t think I would see a difference and really only purchased the Genie Advanced for portability, but MAN what a difference! For reference, I yield about 2.5-5 oz per pumping (depending on the time of day), but I get at least 3 oz with the Genie Advanced during my evening pumping session (which is my lowest) and I only get around 2.5 with my Spectra S1. Despite having the correct sizing for my Spectra, I get SO MUCH more milk from my Genie Advanced. After sizing with Pumpables, I found out I actually needed size 17mm inserts (which I then purchased for my Spectra). I originally was using the 24 mm flanges that came with my Spectra S1 pump and my lactation had given me size 19mm inserts. I had no idea how important it was until I started looking into getting the Genie Advanced. That is how strong this pump is! I also really enjoy the liquid shields and am grateful that Pumpables is adamant about correct sizing. Fro reference, I use the level 8 vacuum on cycle 54 on my Spectra S1 and I only have to use the level 3 vacuum on the 1st cycle with the Genie Advanced. I LOVE the size and power of this portable pump. Oh how I wish I had a Genie from day one! Not only is the price very reasonable and comparable to other high-end brands or pumps, but the quality is great! I had never heard of it until I started following Tamari Jacob (aka The One With The Pump) and she raved about it. ![]() I have used a Spectra S1 per recommendation from many of my friends. ![]() I wish I had started with Pumpables from the very beginning! I gave birth 01/16/22 and have breastfed and pumped since then. The flange length is also shorter than I’m used to so that might be why I need the smaller size? Not sure if I will order them because the liquid kit is great but it’s just more pump parts that I don’t need since I can use all my spectra parts no problem. The liquid flanges are great but I found even though I’m a 21mm with my spectra I need the smaller size since the silicone is very flexible. The settings are easy to use & I feel like these settings empty me faster! Highly recommend if you’re a spectra pump user, you will NOT be disappointed! I read reviews saying the Pumpables have a similar vibration to the spectra which I respond really well to so I was excited to give it a try! I’m obsessed! My output is great, if not better than my spectra & I love that I can use this pump with any flanges! It’s lightweight to wear on my neck with the lanyard & small enough it doesn’t take up a lot of room in my backpack. I’ve been using the spectra S1 & Elvie all of my pumping journey but going back to work I wanted a more portable pump that would also allow me to use traditional flanges. ![]() ![]() An example is the reservation service pricing service. Using an SOA lens we could now break a checkout page into different components. We hoped this would help solve our developer velocity problems, as well as being able to introduce new verticals.” Smaller teams of engineers could work on a service so it’s much easier to manage the changes. According to Jessica, “the benefits that we saw for SOA is that each service is built independently and can be scaled separately as well. Migrating to Microservices from a Service Orientated ArchitectureĪirbnb opted for service-oriented architecture ( SOA) – a network of loosely coupled services, where some client makes a request flows through an API gateway, and that fans out to various other services, which can call services or other data stores. So we need to figure out a way to improve our architecture so we could continue growing our business.” Enter microservices. This made engineers very frustrated and productivity was at an all-time low. Now it took several hours just to get a single change out. When I first joined, I could deploy a code change on MonoRail in just a few minutes. It also took a long time to deploy our code. Our codebase was tightly coupled and difficult to navigate and debug. Engineers had to spend more time firefighting instead of developing features. In MonoRail, we were seeing difficulties with more production incidents. Jessica explains, “So we needed an architecture that could move quickly and grow with our team. The need of the business was also evolving quickly. Airbnb‘s engineering team was growing rapidly, often doubling year over year. Together my new hire changes shipped in one up MonoRail so if MonoRail could handle everything, why did we bother taking the time to move away from it?” This required some new text in the view, accessing the messaging data model and some business validation logic. In terms of the booking flow, Jessica detailed the work that preceded the microservices migration: “My onboarding task was to create a feature requiring a guest to send a message to their host. Airbnb had a really large database that had All types of data stores shared in a single place.” It was super convenient with the presentation layer being in the same place as the business logic and the data accessing. This means that the model view and controller layers are together in a single application.Īnd this was a really easy place for me to get started. A monolith is a single tear unit responsible for both client and server-side functionality. “At Airbnb, our monolithic application was a Ruby on Rails app. Now in 2019 Airbnb has over 2000 engineers across the world so the human tunnel is no more. At the time, almost all of our engineers were coding and our monolith was daily. After our new hires completed their human tunnel run, we gave them an onboarding task and our monolithic code base. At the end of this tunnel was a large beanbag for engineers to jump onto while we all clapped and cheered. We had a new hire tradition of welcoming employees to the company by having them run underneath what we call a human tunnel. “When I joined Airbnb in 2014, the engineering team was much smaller, less than 100 people. We sharing some of the main themes and points here, but you can gain the full story by watching her presentation below. In addition to driving best practices for service development, she focuses on Leadership & Development as the Vice President of the Airbnb women in tech community.Īt Codemotion Milan, she shared the story of Airbnb‘s journey focusing on how Airbnb is building, operating, and scaling its expanding network of services and changes to its organization to support the migration. ![]() She leads the user service, which integrates with all business verticals as one of Airbnb’s highest trafficked services. ![]() Jessica Tai is a software engineer at Airbnb and works as an an infrastructure engineer on the Core Services team. Yet, such a microservices migration often must be done while still shipping new features, accelerating developer velocity, and growing the team in addition to ensuring there are no performance regressions. So you’ve decided to migrate from monolith to microservices, what next? Such a redesign to service-oriented architecture ( SOA) is a long, arduous journey that benefits from an incremental, iterative approach. Principles of Service Design applied to Microservices Migration.Migrating to Microservices from a Service Orientated Architecture.Why you need a microservices migration?. ![]() ![]() Perhaps these are the type of vambraces worn by Goliath in a well-known 10th c. The manikelia of the kataphraktoi are described as being made of coarse silk or cotton as thick as can be stitched together. Is there any evidence for the construction of limb armour used in 10-11th c. Unfortunately the Valsgärde panoply dates to 635-650, long before the Viking age, thus it can have no connection to the Varangian Guard.ĥ. 2).Īuthors and illustrators inspired by mentions of limb armour in the Byzantine military manuals (which, as we have already seen, actually bear no relevance to infantry equipment) seem to have seized on this Scandinavian find to kit out their vision of the Viking troops of the Empires best known battalion. One mound (Valsgärde, grave 8) included splint-and-mail armour for one arm and both legs (see Catalogue, no. Several burials of fully equipped warriors have been excavated in Sweden, at Vendel and Valsgärde. Given this lack of information, what then is behind the popular and ingrained depiction of Varangian guardsmen wearing splints on their arms and legs? Despite this, many popular works present splinted limb armour as typically Byzantine, but in reality there is only a little evidence from art of the period to suggest that splinted limb defenses could have been in use in the Balkans-Asia Minor region during the middle period of the Empire ( see below). There are no archaeological remains of any arm and leg armours from Byzantium itself. According to Anna Komnena, fatigue from their rapid advance and weight of their armour contributed to their defeat by Robert Guiscards forces at Dyrrhachion. ![]() an iron helmet and mail coat or lamellar corslet. This might allow them to have armour as heavy as the normal cavalryman - i.e. There is some later evidence that they were a mounted infantry unit like English huscarls - that is, they rode to battle but fought on foot, as at Dyrrhachion in 1081. As they are not mentioned in the Byzantine manuals, we can only guess that they were provided with somewhat better armour than the ordinary infantry. The Varangians were an infantry unit, though of course an elite one. On the lower leg greaves (chalkotoubai) were worn - their construction is not described and the term is a transference of an ancient one, originally referring to the solid bronze ones worn by classical Greek hoplites. Both lower arms and thighs were protected by thickly padded silk or cotton guards, called manikelia for the arms, and kremasmata for the legs, but reinforced by zabai, here possibly meaning panels of mail or strips/plates of leather or horn (or possibly metal). Their iron helmets (kassidas sideras) had doubled or tripled zabai (screens, of mail?) covering the whole face except the eyes. ![]() Over their lamellar klibanion, which had elbow-length sleeves (manikia), they wore an epilorikon, which was a padded surcoat. Their entire body, and their horses as well were armoured. Mounted archers also had belted kabadia, padded coats with long and full skirts screening their legs (and the flanks of their horse), probably as they were not able to use their shield as cover from missiles while using the bow.Īround 950 a superheavy cavalry unit was formed - the klibanophori or kataphraktoi. The kaballarioi or ordinary cavalry wore helmets (kassidia) and a short klibanion (lamellar corslet) or lorikon (mail shirt), legs were unprotected except again by boots, and speculatively by padded hose (toubia). The infantry wore boots, which could be supple and thigh-length, or thick (doubled) and knee-length, providing some leg protection. They did not even have metal helmets - only a thick felt cap (kamelaukion) worn under a turban (phakiolion). ![]() In both cases the sleeves were slit and buttoned so they could be folded back, presumably to prevent overheating on the march. Later, the sleeves were shortened toward elbow length. the sleeves of this coat extended to the wrist, providing some protection for the lower arm. Relying mainly on their large shields and a forest of points for protection, they wore a coat (kabadion) padded with raw silk or cotton. Essentially a mobile fortress for the offensive cavalry arm to sally from and retire to, they would engage in close combat only as a last resort. The hoplitai (heavy infantry) who formed the bulk of the foot soldiers were deployed en masse in pike blocks. From these sources it is clear that arm and leg armour was not worn by infantry soldiers at all. ![]() Some of them list the pieces of armour worn by the different classes of infantry and cavalry soldiers. Just before the time of the beginning of the Varangian Guard there were several military manuals written in Byzantium. Varangian Armour, & Limb Defences in ByzantiumĪrmour in Byzantium in the early years of the Varangian Guard, with special reference to limb defenses ![]() ![]() Fractional InchĪ inch is fractioned in two halves that, in its turn, also are divided in its halves and so on successively. The same if both are divisible by three, five … and so on. No intention to make someone decorate this: if both the numerator and denominator are even numbers it is possible to simplify. We know that 4/8 it’s the same of 1/2 and we must express the fraction in the form of 1/2. ![]() The fraction must be expressed in its simplest possible form or irreducible. Always express it in the mixed form (1 5/8). Keeping the fraction like this is a kind of trap armed against you. See that 1 5/8 it’s equal to 1 + 5/8 = 8/8 + 5/8 = 13/8 (keeping the denominator and summing the numerator ).ġ3/8 it’s what we call of ‘improper fraction’ (the value of the numerator is bigger than the denominator). It is not recommended, or elegant, to express the whole number this way. ![]() See, in Figure 1, the distance between 0 and 1 is a whole that is divided into eight eighths. It is also possible to represent a whole number in fraction form. In this example, we consider a ‘full’ unit and another five pieces of which was divided into eight (one and five-eighths). The numerator express how many shares will be considered (five). In the example of Figure 1 it was divided into eight parts. The denominator express in how many parts the whole is divided. The example in figure 1 represents an ‘mixed fraction’, which is greater than the unit, in this case, the quantity of wholes is represented to the left of the dividing line (think in a entire pizza more than five pieces). The number over the line is the ‘ numerator‘ and the underneath is the ‘ denominator‘. Generally, the fraction is represented by a pair of numbers aligned in the vertical and separator by a line divider. Subtraction works the same way: 7/8" - 3/16"= 14/16" - 3/16" = 11/16".įractions more than an inch are written: 1 3/16 " or 5 3/8 ".įractions more than an inch are compound fractions and must be reduced to add or subtract.Figure 1 – representation of a mixed fraction and its corresponding fractional 1/2" equals 2/4", so 4 is our common denominator. for example, to add 1/2 and 1/4, you need a common denominator. To add or subtract fractions, you need a lowest common denominator. Three is an odd number so the fraction has been reduced as far as it can go. One is an odd number, so 1/2 is reduced as far as it can be. ![]() To reduce a fraction, divide both the numerator and denominator by two, continuing until the numerator is an odd number. It is accurate to say that one half of an inch is 4/8, but it is incorrect to write it that way. So 1/4 of an inch is written 1/4".įractions need to be reduced when writing them down. The symbol for fractions of inches when writing them is the quote mark, " after the fraction. The denominator is the bottom number and it tells us what unit of fraction we are working with (ie: it denotes fourths, halves, etc.) The numerator tells us how many of that unit of fraction we are dealing with (ie: it enumerates how many fourths, halves, etc.) The lines at each rank get shorter, ie: 1/4 is shorter than 1/2 1/8 is shorter than 1/4 and 1/16 is shorter than 1/8.įractions have two parts, the numerator and the denominator. The largest division, 1/2", has the longest line. The divisions have a visual cue, as well, to make the ruler easier to read. The part of you architect's scale ruler that has the number 16 at the end also looks like this. A typical inch ruler has each inch divided into 16 segments (some may have 1/32, or even 1/64, but we are only concerned with 1/16)īe sure you are looking at the inch scale and not the centimeter scale. ![]() ![]() ![]() We propose the following publication order when reading John Grisham’s Rogue Lawyer books: Camino Winds (2020) John Grisham’s Rogue Lawyer Books In Order.We propose the following publication order when reading John Grisham’s Camino Island books:ĬLICK HERE To Get All The Books from List For FREE With Kindle Unlimited Membership Plans ( First Month Free)(#ad) The Whistler (2016) John Grisham’s Camino Island Books In Order. ![]() We propose the following publication order when reading John Grisham’s Witness books: The Accomplice (2019) John Grisham’s Witness Books In Order.We propose the following publication order when reading John Grisham’s Theodore Boone books: A Time for Mercy (2020) John Grisham’s Theodore Boone Books In Order.Click here to subscribe Audible Free Trial #ad. You can get any two books from list for free with your Audible Free Trial Subscription. We propose the following publication order when reading John Grisham’s Jake Brigance books: John Grisham’s Jake Brigance Books In Order Click here to subscribe to Kindle Unlimited Membership Plans #ad. You can get all the books listed for free with Kindle Unlimited Membership Plans (First Month FREE). You have ten options when choosing the reading order for John Grisham’s books:Ĭlick here to check the latest price, readers reviews and offers of all John Grisham’s books on Amazon #ad Hope this article about John Grisham books in order will help you when choosing the reading order for his books and make your book selection process easier and faster. We looked at all of the books authored by John Grisham and bring a list of John Grisham’s books in order for you to minimize your hassle at the time of choosing the best reading order. His books have been translated into 42 languages and published worldwide. is an American novelist, attorney, politician, and activist, best known for his popular legal thrillers. Are you a very recent addict to John Grisham’s books and looking for what to read next? Don’t worry, we are here to help you with a complete list of John Grisham books in order! ![]() ![]() STW16HR ::: 16 gauge (1.3mm) ::: weight: 2.10 grams per foot We hope you find all the sterling silver findings you need right here in this section of the website. It is great as a “binding wire” for creating beautiful, clean wraps around the wires that form the frames of wirewrapped pendants, rings, bracelets, or components. It forms hard angles and holds its shape very well. 100PCS Making Jewelry Findings Real 925 Sterling Silver Hoop Circle Hook Earring. Refers to the temper of the metal, which offers a little more resistance than “dead-soft”, making it easier to place tight wraps onto other stacked wires, or bending into freeform shapes. Double Circle 925 Sterling Silver Lobster Clasps for Jewelry DIY. Twisting the wire by holding one end in a pin-vise, and the other in a clamp will yield some classic twisted wire effects. Half-Round wire is the most commonly used in wire wrapping stones, but can be used just about anywhere you would use square wire. All our half-round wire is available only in “half-hard” temper.Īll our wire is SOLD BY THE FOOT so you can easily order as much – or as little – as you need. From wire-wrapping to freeform shapes, sterling silver is the timeless “go-to” for any project. Enjoy browsing our large selection and all. We stock a selection of colours shapes and sizes to cater for your jewellery tastes.Sterling silver (.925) wire is a fundamental staple most commonly used by jewelers, jewelry designers and artists for myriad uses in their jewelry designs. Our sterling silver-filled findings will add beauty and elegance to your sterling silver-filled jewelry pieces. There are a couple of ways to finish off your piece of memory wire jewellery, firstly you can loop or bend the ends to stop your beads from rolling off or the other option (no pliers necessary) is memory wire end caps, they are a quick and easy way to professionally finish off a memory wire necklace ring or bracelet, just simply glue a cap onto each end glue using our zap jewellery gel for a secure tidy end. ![]() Available in both gold plated and silver plated to cater to all of your memory wire projects. Online store for Swarovski and Preciosa crystals, Sterling silver jewelry making findings and finished jewelry items. ![]() The highly reflective surface enhances the sparkle of transparent beads and illuminates them from within. Pendant, antiqued sterling silver, 16mm diamond with beaded rim and 10mm round bezel setting. Our flat memory wire is smooth and flat, it is easy to work with and wonderful for wire wrapping beads for a stunning floating effect. Our memory wire is available in both gold and silver plated and in 2 sizes. Try using two loops of bracelet memory wire to create large hoop earrings simply thread on a selection of small beads then loop each end of your memory wire and link each end to an ear wire a super quick and easy way to glam up any outfit. Why not experiment creating memory wire rings using 4mm Czech Glass Faceted Beads or a choker with a Swarovski pendant. Memory Wire Rings/ Bracelets/ Necklaces -īecause memory wire is hardened steel wire that returns to its perfect circular shape after being expanded and released, this makes memory wire the ideal foundations to a structured piece of jewellery, for example a cuff using multiple loops connected by Swarovski Bicones on eye pins or craft wire or a bracelet using continuous loops. An alternative to using beads try threading some rubber tubing over your memory wire, our Jewelry Tube is perfect for a cord like look to embellish you could either thread beads with larger holes over the top or just add a pendant to sit comfortably in the middle. ![]() The fabulous thing about working with memory wire is that it looks a lot more complex than it actually is to make an effective piece of handmade jewellery all you need to do is thread your chosen beads onto your memory wire in any order you like, in order to finish your creation off easily you can either create a loop using round nose pliers on each end to stop your beads falling off or glue an end cap. ![]() Memory wire is made from a hardened steel wire so we highly recommended using memory wire cutters alongside your memory wire because even the most heavy duty of normal wire cutters will be ruined by the super tough hardened wire if not instantly, then over a short space of time. ![]() ![]() ![]() We first needed develop the ability to transform and genetically engineer organisms in space. This color shift allowed the astronauts in our study to report back that the technique was working, which they later confirmed with molecular tools (PCR and DNA sequencing).ĭid you encounter any challenges in the development process? ![]() CRISPR allows us to target the DNA damage to a particular gene that, when disrupted and repaired, results in a visible color change in the cells. The elegance of this study is that astronauts can trigger DNA lesions in a controlled manner using the CRISPR gene editing system. How does the system work – and how did you modify it for space? We wanted to overcome these limitations by designing an experiment that would allow scientists to damage DNA and observe it repairing itself entirely in space. After coming across the Genes in Space competition online and reading about the NASA Twin Study, the group became interested in studying DNA damage and repair in space – and thought that CRISPR/Cas9 would be the perfect tool.ĭuring background research, the students and I found that previous studies on the effects of microgravity on DNA repair were limited to using simulated microgravity or inducing breaks on Earth before studying repair in space. One of them, David Li (now an undergraduate student at MIT), was working with CRISPR/Cas9. While still in high school, the students conducted biology research at the University of Minnesota. The idea was developed by a team of high school students who participated in the 2018 Genes in Space competition, in which young students propose their ideas for a DNA experiment that will help advance space exploration. What inspired you to develop a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system for use in space? Researchers have now developed a system that can study DNA repair in yeast cells in space (1) – so we spoke to senior researcher, Sebastian Kraves, to find out more. CRISPR/Cas 9 in space: the final frontier? With more astronauts embarking on space explorations (and an obsession for commercial space travel in billionaire circles), there is a growing need to tackle the risk of DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation outside the Earth’s protective atmosphere. ![]() ![]() ![]() How the Jotnar came to be referred to as giants in scholarly and popular circles results from different languages being introduced to Europe throughout its history. The Norse word Jotunn translates to “devourer,” which has a completely different connotation. Giants are defined by their enormous size, often with other undesirable features like green skin and fangs. ![]() The terms Jotunn and giant have become synonymous when referring to mythical beings like Ymir, Thrym, and Skadi, but they refer to two completely different races of beings. Most Norse giants called Jotunheim their home, and it was located in utangard ( utgard for short), which means “beyond the enclosure.” This was the realm of the giants and described as dark, cold, and desolate. Where Do the Jotnar Live?Īsgard and Midgard were both built within innangard, which translates to “within the enclosure” and were domains where the gods ruled and maintained order. Īlso see Are Norse Gods Good or Evil? to learn more. The giants figure more prominently in the Norse creation narrative than the gods, and they play a central role in the myths surrounding Ragnarok, the Viking version of the apocalypse, and the end of days (it can even be argued that the Jotnar are victorious in this battle to end all battles).Īnd as it turns out, some of the most popular gods in Norse mythology are not pure gods at all, but part giant. During Ragnarok’s climactic moments, Surt sets the nine realms of the Yggdrasil tree ablaze, scorching everything within, including virtually all forms of life. As fire and ice came together to form the Jotunn Ymir, the great fire giant Surt stood guard over the inferno-like realm of Muspell. The fire giants make bookend appearances in Viking lore during the creation narrative and at Ragnarok’s fiery conclusion.Most of the giants and giantesses appearing in Norse myths and legends are frost giants or are descended from them (i.e., one parent is a frost giant). The frost giants are the predominant group of Jotnar, directly descended from the first of his kind, Ymir.There are two classes of giants in Norse mythology: What’s the difference between frost giants and fire giants? See below Who are the Giants in Norse Mythology? (The Jotnar Explained) See Is Valhalla Heaven or Hell? 10 Facts That Might Surprise You to learn more. Valhalla is one of the most fascinating places in Norse mythology. Norse giants and giantesses were as vital to the body of work that is Norse mythology as the popular gods that the Vikings revered and worshiped. To fully understand the complex ideologies of Norse mythology, you must have an appreciation for the role that the Jotnar played in Viking lore. They were more than just the antagonists in Norse myths and foils to beloved Viking heroes like Odin, Thor, Heimdall, and Freyja. Generally, the gods in Norse mythology represent order while the Jotnar are associated with chaos. The giants in Norse mythology were supernaturally empowered like Norse gods, and like their god counterparts, they had their flaws as well, including but not limited to arrogance, greed, jealousy, and vanity. But what about the giants? Who were they? Many people are familiar with some of the gods, like Odin and Thor. Of these, the gods and the giants figure most prominently in Viking myths and legends. There are different races of beings in Norse mythology: gods, humans, dwarves, elves, trolls, and giants. ![]() ![]() ![]() I invested £100k in wines but never received them, can you help? TONY HETHERINGTON investigates.PETER HITCHENS: Wake up! The drugs lobby have finally been proved wrong.A true Icon Of The Seas: Inside the world's largest cruise ship which is five times the size of the Titanic and is more like a floating city, complete with onboard water park, 40 bars and restaurants, an ice rink and a 55ft indoor waterfall.DR ELLIE CANNON: I fear my mole has changed shape and it could be cancer - but I can't get a GP appointment.Ryan Reynolds buys a £4million home in the South-West London setting of the Apple TV+ series Ted Lasso.'I'm pregnant': How two words from a beautiful 35-year-old Spanish teacher ended the hopes of her 17-year-old public schoolboy lover getting into Oxford.Does HRT prevent dementia? Or cause it? Women's health experts PROF ANNICE MUKHERJEE and PROF JOYCE HARPER have studied ALL the research to cut through the hype and give the definitive answer.ADAM BOULTON: I feel deeply sad for my TV colleague Huw… but I hope he'd agree the press has a duty to report on his story.Eco-protester who sabotaged George Osborne's wedding is a hypocrite ex- librarian who jetted off to Thailand months after declaring a 'climate emergency' in Somerset.How the Kennedys paid Jackie millions to create the picture-perfect family that JFK needed to get to the White House, while ignoring the serial cheating that rocked their marriage. ![]() |
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